- Caesar declared himself dictator, but he wasn't of terror, like Sulla, but he didn't show any signs of giving up high position like Sulla.
- in the west, the native languages of conquered European barbarian peoples began to be replaced by Latin
- In the East, Egyptian hieroglyphic writing fell out of use.
- the empire's gods and goddesses came from Egypt and other lands of the eastern Mediterranean or beyond the empire's eastern frontier, and the language of the new Latin speakers began a lengthy evolution into the Latin languages of the present day.
- Caesar's murder did not restore the Republic; instead, his death produced yet another crop of warlords and yet more bouts of civil war.
- Mark Antony and Octavian were rival loyalists of Caesar, and each managed to attract some of Caesar's legions, which they used to fight a brutal war against each other in Italy.
- the triumvirs declared that they intend to "restore the Republic", but they also had the Senate proclaim Julius Caesar a "Divine Being" -- not quite a god like Jupiter, but far above any ordinary mortal.
- princeps: "first citizen", a traditional Roman name for prominent leaders who were considered indispensable to the Republic that came to be used by Augustus and other early emperors.
That's as far as I got in class.
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